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bipolar affective symptoms : bipolar, bipolar ii, bipolar disorder, catherine zeta jones bipolar, bipolar ii disorder

Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder, also referred to as bipolar affective disorder or manic depression, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes. The elevated moods are clinically referred to as mania or, if milder, hypomania. Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes, or symptoms, or mixed episodes in which features of both mania and depression are present at the same time. These episodes are usually separated by periods of "normal" mood; but, in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, which is known as rapid cycling. Extreme manic episodes can sometimes lead to such psychotic symptoms as delusions and hallucinations. The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and other types, based on the nature and severity of mood episodes experienced; the range is often described as the bipolar spectrum.

Data from the United States on lifetime prevalence varies; but it indicates a rate of around 1% for bipolar I, 0.5%–1% for bipolar II or cyclothymia, and 2%–5% for subthreshold cases meeting some, but not all, criteria.[citation needed] The onset of full symptoms generally occurs in late adolescence or young adulthood. Diagnosis is based on the person's self-reported experiences, as well as observed behavior. Episodes of abnormality are associated with distress and disruption and an elevated risk of suicide, especially during depressive episodes. In some cases, it can be a devastating long-lasting disorder. In others, it has also been associated with creativity, goal striving, and positive achievements. There is significant evidence to suggest that many people with creative talents have also suffered from some form of bipolar disorder.

Genetic factors contribute substantially to the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder, and environmental factors are also implicated. Bipolar disorder is often treated with mood stabilizing medications and, sometimes, other psychiatric drugs. Psychotherapy also has a role, often when there has been some recovery of the subject's stability. In serious cases, in which there is a risk of harm to oneself or others, involuntary commitment may be used. These cases generally involve severe manic episodes with dangerous behavior or depressive episodes with suicidal ideation. There are widespread problems with social stigma, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder exhibiting psychotic symptoms can sometimes be misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia, another serious mental illness.

The current term "bipolar disorder" is of fairly recent origin and refers to the cycling between high and low episodes (poles). A relationship between mania and melancholia had long been observed, although the basis of the current conceptualisation can be traced back to French psychiatrists in the 1850s. The term "manic-depressive illness" or psychosis was coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late nineteenth century, originally referring to all kinds of mood disorder. German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard split the classification again in 1957, employing the terms unipolar disorder (major depressive disorder) and bipolar disorder. Read More

Our total sample was of 92 patients with an ICD—10 diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder, of whom 49 (53.3%) were female. The mean age of participants was 44 years (s.d.=11.8) (range 22-72). Sixty-four participants (69.6% of the total population) had a history of at least one psychotic symptom; of these 23 (25%) had symptoms in the defined low-grade category and 41 (41.6%) had a history of severe psychotic symptoms. In this sample, 57.6% of participants (n=53) were smokers; data on smoking behaviour were confirmed by collateral history in 88% of cases (n=81). Only four of the non-smokers had ever been regular smokers (10.2%). Smoking was particularly prevalent among patients with psychosis (68.7%, n=44); by contrast in the group with no history of psychotic symptoms the smoking prevalence was 32.1% (n=9). The latter figure is remarkably consistent with the current smoking prevalence in Ireland of 32% (Health Research Board, 1998). A significant relationship was detected between smoking/heavy smoking and a history of psychotic symptoms ({chi}2=11.68, d.f.=2, P=0.003 (two-tailed)) (Fig. 1). Read More